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Showing posts with label mindfulness. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mindfulness. Show all posts

Saturday, November 1, 2025

Discovering Your Core Self in IFS Parts Work Therapy

I've written several articles about IFS Parts Work Therapy in the past (see the links at the end of this article).

Discovering Core Self in IFS Therapy

What is Core Self in IFS Parts Work Therapy?
IFS is Internal Family Systems, an evidence-based therapy developed by Dr. Richard C. Schwartz to help clients heal from psychological trauma.

From the IFS perspective, Core Self is an inate state of being that everyone possesses.

Unlike parts, which are like subpersonalities in IFS, Core Self isn't a part of the personality.  IFS posits that the Core Self is in a self leadership role in every person and one way to describe Core Self is in terms of the 8 Cs:
  • Compassion
  • Curiosity
  • Clarity
  • Creativity
  • Calmness
  • Confidence
  • Courage
  • Connectedness
How Can You Access Your Core Self?
The Core Self can be accessed through various practices including: 
  • Mindfulness: A basic mindfulness exercise involves focusing on your breath while allowing whatever thoughts and feelings to come up without judgment.
  • Meditation: Guided meditations can help you to connect with your Core Self so you can experience yourself in a deeper way.
Discovering Core Self in IFS Parts Therapy
  • Self Compassion: Practicing self compassion is key to connecting with your Core Self. Self compassion allows you to connect with yourself in a loving nonjudgmental way. 
How is Core Self Different From Parts of Yourself?
  • Parts: Everyone is made up of a multiplicity of selves.. In this case, I'm not talking about multiple personality disorder. Instead, I'm talking about the many subpersonalities that everyone possess that carry many emotions, beliefs and histories. There are no "bad parts" and it's not the goal of IFS to get rid of any of the parts. However, some of the parts might be in need of healing because they have taken on extreme roles due to trauma.
  • Core Self: Core Self is distinct from parts. The Core Self, which is also called the True Self, Higher Self or the Self (with a capital "S"), is the source of your inner wisdom and healing. When you are within the perspective of your Core Self, the Core Self can work with your parts instead of being overwhelmed by parts.
The Core Self can be difficult to access when your parts are activated and "in charge" of you, but you can learn to access Core Self (as described in the vignette below).

Clinical Vignette
The following clinical vignette, which is a composite of many cases, illustrates how a client in IFS Parts Work Therapy can access Core Self to heal from trauma:

Tina
When Tina sought help in IFS Parts Work Therapy, she felt overwhelmed by unresolved childhood trauma.

Discovering Your Core Self in IFS Therapy

Although she had close friends, Tina had difficulty maintaining romantic relationships once they became serious. Over time, Tina became emotionally distant in her relationships because she felt too emotionally vulnerable to express her feelings with the partner she was seeing at the time.

Her pattern was that she would be happy and excited to get into a new relationship, but when she and her partner developed deeper feelings for each other, her trauma symptoms got triggered.

She grew up in a family where her mother was emotionally distant and her father, whom she felt a closer connection to, disappeared one day when she was seven years old. After that, her mother became depressed and barely got out of bed, so Tina's aunt came to help them.

No one ever discussed what happened to her father and, as many children do, Tina blamed herself for her father abandoning the family.

Several years later, Tina found out from a neighbor that her father left her family to be with another woman and he started a new family. When Tina tried to contact him, her father refused to talk to her.

Many years later, when Tina was in her 30s, her father contacted her out of the blue because he had terminal cancer. By then, his second wife had left him and his children from the second marriage didn't want to maintain contact with him.

Since her father had no one to look after him, Tina allowed him to stay with her while he had cancer treatment. She had a lot of ambivalence about taking him in, but she didn't feel she could send him away.

During the next two years, Tina and her father worked towards reconciling their father-daughter relationship. Her father regretted how he left her and her mother and he asked for Tina's forgiveness. Knowing he was going to die, Tina told him that she forgave him, but deep down she still felt the hurt and pain of her younger self who was abandoned.

This hurt and pain related to her father's abandonment carried over into her romantic relationships as soon as she became emotionally invested in the relationship.  She feared she would be abandoned again and she dealt with it by becoming emotionally numb.

When Tina sought help in IFS Parts Work Therapy, her therapist provided her with psychoeducation about IFS.

She also helped Tina to develop the necessary tools and coping strategies to do the deep work involved with IFS, and Tina also journaled and meditated between sessions.

After her therapist discussed Core Self, Tina took time during her busy week to access this deeper part of herself through mindfulness meditation.

Over time, she also learned to distinguish between the fearful and anxious parts of herself and her Core Self. She knew that whenever she felt fearful or anxious, she was looking through the perspective of one or more parts. And when she felt calm and compassionate, she was in touch with her Core Self.

Discovering Your Core Self in IFS Parts Work Therapy

This was the early stage of her IFS therapy and she was aware she and her therapist needed to do work on the parts that were causing her to feel fear and anxiety.  But after she learned to switch her perspective from her parts to her Core Self, she felt calmer and more in charge of her life.

Over time, with the help of IFS Therapy, Tina was able to develop a new relationship beyond the initial honeymoon stage. Although it was challenging for her, she used the tools she learned in IFS to heal her trauma and remain in her relationship.

Conclusion
Core Self is the innate essence that everyone possesses.

It can be challenging to access Core Self when you are immersed in parts, including anxious, fearful, shamed or angry parts.

IFS Parts Work Therapy provides ways to access Core Self during the initial stage of IFS Therapy.

Once clients can access their Core Self, they can work in IFS to deal with the wounded and traumatized parts.

Getting Help in IFS Parts Work Therapy
IFS Parts Work Therapy is an evidence-based effective form of trauma therapy.

If you're struggling with unresolved trauma, you could benefit from working with an IFS therapist so you can free yourself from the effects of your traumatic history.

About Me
I am a licensed New York psychotherapist, hypnotherapist, EMDR, AEDP, EFT (for couples), Parts Work (IFS and Ego States Therapy), Somatic Experiencing and Certified Sex Therapist.

As a trauma therapist, I have helped many individual adults and couples to overcome trauma.

To find out more about me, visit my website: Josephine Ferraro, LCSW - NYC Psychtherapist.

To set up a consultation, call at (917) 742-2624 during business hours or email me.

Also See My Other IFS Articles:


















Tuesday, September 23, 2025

How to Develop a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure

Developing a healthy relationship to joy and pleasure can be challenging for many people for a variety of reasons which will be discussed in this article.


Developing a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure

What Does It Mean to Have an Unhealthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure?
Before we look at what it means to have a healthy relationship to joy and pleasure, let's take a look at what it means to have an unhealthy relationship.

An unhealthy relationship to joy and pleasure often involves seeking external validation and engaging in unsustainable or damaging behavior:
  • Dependence and Compulsion includes:
    • Intermittent Reinforcement: Unhealthy relationships often include intermittent reinforcement of intense pleasure which are used to tolerate ongoing toxic and or manipulative behavior creating a cycle of dependency.
    • Chasing the "High": Compulsive seeking of intense short-term pleasure which can lead to shame, guilt and other negative consequences.
  • Imbalance and Exploitation includes:
    • Using Others For Pleasure while neglecting their wishes and boundaries
        • A Tendency to Prioritize Pleasure While Neglecting Emotional Intimacy and Genuine Connection: There is a tendency to avoid emotional intimacy which results in superficial relationships. The pursuit of pleasure offers only a temporary boost in happiness which creates an ongoing cycle of this dynamic. This creates emotional distance, possibly emotional numbingloneliness and difficulty expressing emotions and only short term or casual relationships.
        • Imposing Control and Having a Sense of Entitlement: Feeling entitled to pleasure without respecting a partner's wishes or boundaries
        • Feeling Guilt and Shame: Guilt and shame get in the way of experiencing joy and pleasure
      What Does It Mean to Develop a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure?
      Developing a healthy relationship to joy and pleasure includes conscious practices including appreciation and presence:
      • Making Meaningful Connections: Finding joy in helping others and investing in meaningful relationships rather than only seeking immediate gratification (see my article: Why Are Close Friendship Important?).
      Developing a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure
      • Celebrating Small Wins: Acknowledging wins, no matter how small, including a completed task or a delicious meal, which can reinforce your experience of pleasure (see my article: Celebrating Small Wins).
      • Balancing Joy and Purpose: Recognizing that, rather than seeing joy as a fleeting state, it can also be a deep, more resilient state of being connected to your purpose and values. 
      Developing a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure
      • Developing Meaningful Connections With Others: Nurture connections rather than focusing on immediate gratification.
      • Self Love and Self Care: Take responsibility for your own happiness. Prioritize your physical, emotional and psychological health.
      • Emotional Resilience: Finding moments of happiness even during stressful times--not just in external circumstances (see my article: Developing Resilience).
      Why Do Some People Struggle to Have a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure?
      Many people feel guilty about allowing themselves to experience pleasure for various reasons including:
      • Ingrained Cultural Beliefs About Joy and Pleasure: Many cultural beliefs link joy and pleasure to laziness, selfishness, and personal beliefs about feeling like they don't deserve to experience pleasure.
      • Learned Beliefs: There might be learned beliefs from family history that links pleasure to selfishness and childishness, which makes the pursuit of pleasure seem wrong.
      Developing a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure
      • Guilt and Shame: For many people pleasure feels like a dereliction of their obligations and responsibilities which engenders guilt and shame (see my article: Overcoming Shame).
      • Fear of Being Judged: Some people fear that if they experience pleasure, others will judge them for it, but it's often their own internal critic that is involved  (see my article: Overcoming the Internal Critic).
      • Other Personal and Societal Reasons: A variety of other reasons both personal and societal
      How Can People Overcome Shame and Guilt About Enjoying Pleasure and Joy?
      Working on overcoming shame and guilt about enjoying pleasure and joy can be challenging.
      • Start By Identifying the Root Cause: Ask yourself what might have contributed to your negative relationship with pleasure and joy. Is it related to cultural issues, familial messages or other sources?
      Developing a Healthy Relationship to Joy and Pleasure
      • Question the Story You're Telling Yourself: If you know the root of your problem, question your assumptions to see if they hold up in the light of day. Ask yourself what you would tell a loved one who struggled with this problem.
      • Separate Self From Behavior: Move from self criticism to an objective assessment of your relationship with joy and pleasure.
      • Seek Help in Therapy: If you have been unable to change a negative relationship with joy and pleasure, seek help in therapy.
      Get Help in Therapy
      An unhealthy relationship with pleasure and joy can be deeply rooted in your history and this problem can be difficult to overcome on your own. 

      Getting Help in Therapy

      A skilled psychotherapist can help you to overcome the obstacles that are getting in your way.

      Rather than struggling on your own, seek help from a licensed mental health professional so you can lead a more meaningful life.

      About Me
      I am a licensed New York psychotherapist, hypnotherapist, EMDR, AEDP, EFT (for couples), Somatic Experiencing and Certified Sex Therapist.

      I work with individual adults and couples and I have helped many clients to develop a healthy relationship to joy and pleasure.

      To find out more about me, visit my website: Josephine Ferraro, LCSW - NYC Psychotherapist.

      To set up a consultation, call me at (917) 742-2624 during business hours or email me.

      Also See My Articles:





















      Friday, September 19, 2025

      You Can't Understand Your "Yeses" If You Don't Understand Your "Nos" and "Maybes"

      For you to truly understand what you're agreeing to, you also need to understand what you're declining and what you're not sure about.  

      This is true for all areas of your life whether it involves your loved ones, your work or other areas of your life.

      Understanding Your "Yeses", "Nos" and "Maybes"

      How Can You Learn to Understand Your "Yeses", "Nos" and "Maybes"?
      Here are some tips:
      • Develop Self Awareness: To really know what you want, you need to develop a deeper understanding of yourself using your self reflective capacity. Before you say "Yes" to someone think about how you might be saying "No" to other choices and excluding other possibilities. So, for instance, before you say "Yes" to being in an exclusive relationship with someone, think about whether you're ready to give up seeing other people and what this might be like. Reflect on what the tradeoffs are in making one choice versus making another (see my article: What is Self Reflective Capacity and Why Is It Important to You?)
      Understanding Your "Yeses", "Nos" and "Maybes"
      • Prioritize What's Important to You: Instead of spreading yourself thin by people pleasing and agreeing to do things you don't want to do, prioritize what's most important to you. For instance, if you're in a relationship with someone who wants to spend all their free time with you but you know you need some time for yourself, you need to honor what you need and communicate this to your partner. If possible, try to find a compromise without neglecting your needs (see my article: Time Apart vs Time Together).
      Understanding Your "Yeses", "Nos" and "Maybes"

      • Boundary Setting, Self Respect and Self Care: Know how to set boundaries with others for your own well-being. This is related to prioritizing what's important to you. This involves being assertive in a tactful way in order to respect your own needs and take care of yourself (see my article: Self Care Is Not Selfish).
      How Can This Be Challenging For You?
      Understanding your 'yeses", "nos" and "maybes" and following through with what you need might be challenging for you because you never learned to do it and maybe you were even taught that taking care of yourself in this way is selfish--even though it's not.

      Clinical Vignette
      The following clinical vignette illustrates the challenges involved with understanding what you really want and how Experiential Therapy can help:

      Jane
      Jane, who was in her early 30s, was raised to believe she should always put others first before herself, so she would agree to do things she didn't really want to do and she would often feel exhausted afterwards.

      She would say "Yes" to anyone in her life who asked her to do a favor or to spend time with them or to listen endlessly to her friend's ongoing crises (see my article: Are You Overwhelmed By Your Friends' Problems?).

      When she got romantically involved with John and they became sexual, Jane wasn't sure what she liked and what she didn't like sexually so she agreed to everything John wanted, but then she felt bad about herself afterwards because she wasn't sure if she wanted to do what she did.

      One day John told her he sensed that she didn't enjoy performing oral sex on him--even though she did it and she didn't complain. He told her he didn't want her to just comply--he wanted her to want to do it and, if she didn't, he wanted her to tell him. But at that point, Jane didn't know how to respond to him because she had little awareness of what she liked and what she didn't.

      Understanding Your "Yeses", "Nos" and "Maybes"

      Jane realized she had little self awareness about what she liked and she didn't know how to develop self awareness. So, she sought help in Experiential Therapy (see my article: Why Experiential Therapy is More Effective Than Regular Talk Therapy).

      Her therapist helped Jane to understand the connection between her family background and her current problems (see my article: Why Is Family History Important in Psychotherapy?).

      Her parents, who were well intentioned, lived their lives in a way where they were always giving to others and expected very little for themselves ,and they raised Jane and her siblings in this way.

      Her therapist taught Jane how to use mind-body oriented techniques, like mindfulness meditation to get to be in the present moment and to get to know herself. She also encouraged Jane to use a journal to reflect on her thoughts and emotions (see my article: Experiential Therapy and the Minid-Body Connection: The Body Offers a Window Into the Unconscious Mind).

      Experiential Therapy includes: 
      Jane's work in Experiential Therapy was neither quick nor easy, but she stuck with it because she realized she was developing a deeper connection with herself and getting to know herself better.

      Gradually, Jane began to understand her "yeses", her "nos" and her "maybes". She also learned to be assertive in a tactful and caring way with the people in her life.

      Getting to know herself sexually was the most challenging for Jane because she had conflicted feelings about pleasure and solo pleasure.

      Over time, she was able to overcome her guilt and shame about sex, and she developed a healthy relationship with her own body which allowed her to discover what she enjoyed.

      Her therapist, who was an Experiential therapist as well as a sex therapist, helped Jane to consider many sexual possibilities by introducing Jane to a "Yes, No, Maybe" list of sexual activities. 

      Jane used the list, which had on scale from 1-5, to discover what appealed to her, what she didn didn't like and what she wasn't sure about (see my article: What Are Common Issues Discussed in Sex Therapy?)

      When Jane told John that she didn't enjoy oral sex, but she did enjoy other sexual activities, she was surprised that he was so understanding. This allowed her to open up and get curious emotionally and sexually with John so their relationship developed in new and exciting ways.

      Conclusion
      You can't understand your "yeses" if you don't know your "nos" and "maybes".

      Developing self awareness is the first step in getting to know yourself better and being able to communicate with others.

      People pleasing often poses an obstacle to getting to know and take care of yourself and to being able to communicate honestly with others.

      When you can prioritize your own needs and set healthy boundaries with others, you will be on your way to respecting your needs, taking care of yourself and being genuine with others.

      Getting Help in Experiential Therapy
      Being able to understand and assert your needs can be challenging for a variety of reasons, including an upbringing focused on always prioritizing the needs of others. 

      Experiential Therapy, which focuses on the mind-body connection, is uniquely suited for helping clients to get to attune to themselves and to interact in a healthy way with others.

      If you have been struggling with understanding your needs and setting boundaries with others, you could benefit from working with an Experiential Therapist.

      Getting Help in Experiential Therapy

      A skilled Experiential Therapist can help you to develop increased self awareness through a mind-body oriented approach, prioritize your needs and set healthy boundaries.

      Rather than struggling on your own, seek help from a licensed mental health professional who is a Experiential Therapist.

      About Me
      I am a licensed New York Experiential Therapist.

      I am an EMDR, AEDP, Somatic Experiencing, Parts Work, EFT (couples therapist) and Certified Sex Therapist.

      I work with individual adults and couples.

      To find out more about me, visit my website: Josephine Ferraro, LCSW - NYC Psychotherapist.

      To set up a consultation, call me at (917) 742-2624 during business hours or email me.
























      Monday, September 1, 2025

      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind

      The first step in quieting your overthinking mind is becoming aware of what you're worrying about and how it's affecting you.

      How is Your Overthinking Mind Affecting You?
      Worrying can take a toll on your physical and mental well-being.

      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind

      Take a step back and notice your thought patterns. When you have a moment to yourself, do you use it to relax or do something you enjoy or do you engage in repetitive thinking where you worry about whether you forgot to perform a task or if you overestimated how much someone likes you or something else you worry about?

      If you tend to engage in worrying, notice how it affects your mood and how it affects your life. What's the primary emotion behind your overthinking? Are you feeling irritable, nervous or guilty? 

      Being aware of the effect of overthinking also includes having bodily awareness. This means you notice your bodily responses, which might include tense shoulders, feeling tightness in your chest or clenching in your stomach--just to give a few possible examples.

      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind

      When you're aware of how you're thinking and the impact it's having on you, you have a better chance of changing it.

      What Are Some Tips to Stop Overthinking?
      • Distract Yourself With An Activity You Enjoy: Go to your favorite workout class or take up a new hobby. Whatever you choose, make it something that will occupy your mind.
      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind
      • Breathe: Learn square breathing to calm yourself. This can also take your mind off whatever you're ruminating about.  
      • Meditate: Mindfulness meditation can help you to quiet your mind and be in the present moment rather than worrying about other things.
      • Develop a Broader Perspective: To gain perspective on non-urgent matters, ask yourself if you will care about this non-urgent matter in five or ten years. By gaining a broader perspective, you can learn to prioritize other matters that are more important.
      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind
      • Help Others: Rather than worrying, consider helping others. For instance, your friend who has a young child might appreciate a break if you watch her child. You can also volunteer to help those less fortunate than yourself.
      • Validate Yourself For Your Successes: Instead of focusing on things you feel you didn't get right or things you worry about not getting right in the future, acknowledge and validate your successes--no matter how small (see my article: What is Self Validation?).
      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind
      • Take Action: Instead of worrying about the things you have done or haven't done, take action to do things you can take care of now. This can be empowering and give you a sense of accomplishment.
      • Embrace Your Fears: Learn to accept that some things will always be out of your control and, instead of trying to push your fears away, embrace them.
      How to Quiet Your Overthinking Mind
      • Practice Self Compassion: Shift your thoughts and feelings from worrying to practicing self compassion.
      Get Help in Therapy
      If you have been unable to quiet your overthinking mind with self help tips, consider getting help in therapy. 

      Get Help in Therapy

      A skilled psychotherapist can help you to stop overthinking so you can live a more fulfilling life,

      About Me
      I am a licensed New York psychotherapist, hypnotherapist, EMDR, AEDP, EFT (for couples), Somatic Experiencing and Certified Sex Therapist.

      I work with individual adults and couples.

      To find out more about me, visit my website: Josephine Ferraro, LCSW - NYC Psychotherapist.

      To set up a consultation, call me at (917) 742-2624 during business hours or email me.



      Monday, June 9, 2025

      How to Stop Living Your Life on Autopilot

      What is Autopilot Mode?
      Autopilot is also known clinically as "cognitive disengagement."

      Living on autopilot happens when you live your life based on routines, habits and external expectations instead of making conscious and intentional choices.

      Getting stuck in autopilot is a common problem (see my article: How to Get Out of a Rut).

      How to Stop Living Your Life on Autopilot

      Many people just go through life disengaged and without joy--just going through the motions.

      To stop living your life on autopilot, you can start by making small intentional changes to break repetitive pattens so you can re-engage with your life.

      What Are Signs That You're Stuck in Autopilot?
      • You follow the same routines every day without awareness or conscious choice.
      • You lose touch with what you used to enjoy because you're just trying to "get through the day"
      • You numb yourself with distractions including social media, TV and busywork.
      Examples of Living on Autopilot
      • Maria: Maria lived her life based on a set routine: Wake up, make coffee, cook, clean, take care of the kids. The next day she would repeat the same routines. Weekends were basically the same. She did this day after day for 10 years before she realized she had a vague sense of dissatisfaction with her life, but she didn't know why.  She began experiencing vague aches and pains so she saw her doctor who ruled out any physical problems. He recommended that she seek help in therapy. Shortly after she began therapy, Maria realized she was living her life on autopilot and she was deeply unhappy with her routines and habits, so she worked with her therapist to break free of her routines so she could live more consciously.
      • Steve: Steve felt he had a great job, but in the last few years he was stagnating in his career. He realized he was intentionally avoiding taking on new projects and challenges out of fear of stepping outside his comfort zone.  He also realized that his marriage was stagnating because he and his wife had drifted into set routines where they would spend the evening either zoning out in front of the TV or on their phones. As he became more self aware, he also realized his wife was drinking a lot, but he couldn't pinpoint when this began because they were both living their lives on autopilot. So, they each sought help in individual therapy as well as couples therapy so they could break free of their routines and develop new interests separately and apart. After a while, his wife realized she was drinking out of a sense of boredom and she stopped.
      How to Stop Living Your Life on Autopilot
      • Interrupt the Pattern: Put down your phone and try something new. Start small with one particular habit and branch out from there. For instance, if you always eat cornflakes for breakfast, try something new. Be present and in the moment while eating or doing other tasks (see my article: Breaking Habits With Pattern Interruptions).
      How to Stop Living Your Life on Autopilot
      • Approach Routines With Mindfulness: Instead of zoning out while you're doing the dishes or doing other routine tasks, slow down and engage your five senses--sight, sound, smell, touch and, if applicable, taste. When you become more aware, routine tasks become a lot less routine (see my article: The Mind-Body Connection and Mindfulness Meditation).
      • Think About What You Really Want to Do: Instead of focusing on what you think you should do or what's expected of you, ask yourself what you want to do. Try journaling to self reflect and see what comes up.
      How to Stop Living Your Life on Autopilot
      • Get Curious: Autopilot keeps you zoned out. So, getting curious about something you're interested in helps to counteract autopilot tendencies. Maybe you've always been curious about Impressionist painters, learning a new language or doing improv. Allow yourself to be open to new experiences--even if it feels a little scary at first (see my article: Being Open to New Experiences).
      How to Stop Living Your Life on Autopilot
      • Seek Novelty: Instead of relying on old habits and routines, be aware that autopilot thrives on habit and sameness. So, try something new. Join a book club or join a new discussion group to allow yourself to get motivated and inspired.
      Get Help in Therapy
      Living on autopilot might have felt safe at some point in your life. Maybe you felt comforted by routines and habits because you didn't have to think or feel. 

      Getting Help in Therapy

      But if you feel you're stagnating in life and you're unable to break free on your own, you could benefit from getting help from a licensed mental health professional who has helped clients to overcome this problem.

      There might also be deeper reasons why you're stuck in autopilot including unresolved trauma.

      Working with a skilled psychotherapist can help you to live your life with intention and purpose which will make your life more meaningful.

      About Me
      I am a licensed New York psychotherapist, hypnotherapist, EMDR, AEDP, EFT (for couples), Somatic Experiencing and Sex Therapist.

      I have over 20 years of experience helping individual adults and couples (see my article: What is a Trauma Therapist?).

      To find out more about me, visit my website: Josephine Ferraro, LCSW - NYC Psychotherapist.

      To set up a consultation, call me at (917) 742-2624 during business hours or email me.